Rulers:
• Alfonso d’Avalos d’Aquino, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (1538-1546)
• Carlos I, King of Spain (1516-1556)
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1558)
• Cosimo I de’ Medici, Duke of Florence (1537-1569)
• Federico II Gonzaga, 1st Duke of Mantua (1530-1540)
• François I, King of France (1515-1547)
• Henry VIII, King of England (1509-1547)
• Henry VIII, Lord of Ireland (1509-1542)
• John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (1532-1547)
• Paulus III (Alessandro Farnese), Pope (1534-1549)
Deaths:
• Boleyn, Elizabeth (c.1480-1538)
Art:
• Cranach, Lucas the Elder (1472-1553): Crucifixion with the Converted Centurion (1538)
• Cranach, Lucas the Elder (1472-1553): The Crucifixion (1538)
• Holbein, Hans the Younger (c.1497-1543): Edward VI as a Child (probably 1538)
• Holbein, Hans the Younger (c.1497-1543): Portrait of a Hanseatic Merchant (1538)
• Parmigianino (1503-1540): Cupido che fabbrica l’arco (1534-39)
• Parmigianino (1503-1540): Madonna dal collo lungo (1534-40)
• Rosso Fiorentino (1495-1540): Pietà (c.1530-40)
• Tiziano (c.1488-1576): La Bella (1536-38)
• Tiziano (c.1488-1576): Presentazione della Vergine al Tempio (1534-38)
• Tiziano (c.1488-1576): Ritratto del conte Antonio di Porcia e Brugnera (1535-40)
• Tiziano (c.1488-1576): Venere di Urbino (1538)