Rulers:
• Alfonso d’Avalos d’Aquino, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (1538-1546)
• Carlos I, King of Spain (1516-1556)
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1558)
• Cosimo I de’ Medici, Duke of Florence (1537-1569)
• François I, King of France (1515-1547)
• Henry VIII, King of England (1509-1547)
• Henry VIII, Lord of Ireland (1509-1542)
• John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (1532-1547)
• Paulus III (Alessandro Farnese), Pope (1534-1549)
Births:
• El Greco (1541-1614)
• Medici, Francesco I de’ (1541-1587)
Deaths:
• Fancelli, Chiara (c.1470-1541)
Art:
• Cellini, Benvenuto (1500-1571): Saliera (1540-43)
• Holbein, Hans the Younger (c.1497-1543): Portrait of a young merchant (1541)
• Tiziano (c.1488-1576): Allocuzione di Alfonso d’Avalos (1540-41)
• Tiziano (c.1488-1576): Incoronazione di spine (1540-43)
• Tiziano (c.1488-1576): San Giovanni Battista (c.1540-42)
• Vasari, Giorgio (1511-1574): Tentazioni di San Gerolamo (1541)