Rulers: • Charles I, King of England (1625-1649) • Charles I, King of Ireland (1625-1649) • Charles I, King of Scotland (1625-1649) • Felipe IV, King of Spain (1621-1665) • Francesco I d’Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio (1629-1658) • Urbanus VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope…