Rulers: • Alfonso d’Avalos d’Aquino, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (1538-1546) • Carlos I, King of Spain (1516-1556) • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1558) • Cosimo I de’ Medici, Duke of Florence (1537-1569) • Federico II Gonzaga, 1st Duke of Mantua (1530-1540) • François I, King of…